Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla), or Camomile, is one of the most traditional and widely used medicinal plants in the world, cultivated for millennia for its extraordinary therapeutic properties. This annual herbaceous plant from the Asteraceae family has earned its fame through its small aromatic flowers, which are transformed into soothing infusions, medicinal extracts, and cosmetic products. Although primarily valued for its health benefits, Chamomile also delights gardeners with its delicate white inflorescences with a golden-yellow center, resembling miniature daisies and bringing special charm to borders, herb beds, and country gardens.
Its versatility is impressive: it is cultivated on a large scale for industrial purposes as well as in home gardens due to its hardiness and multiple applications. Besides the renowned relaxing tea consumed worldwide, it acts as a companion plant in the garden, enhancing the health of other cultivated species around it.
Etymology and Origins
The scientific name Matricaria chamomilla carries the history of its ancestral uses. The genus name “Matricaria” derives from the Latin “matrix” (womb), a direct reference to the traditional use of the plant to treat female disorders. The specific epithet “chamomilla” comes from the diminutive of “chamaemelum“, which in turn derives from the Greek χαμαίμηλον (khamaimélon), meaning “ground apple” – a reference to the sweet aroma reminiscent of the scent of ripe apples, especially when the flowers are crushed. The popular term ” Chamomile” maintains this Greek origin.
It is worth noting that, despite the updated nomenclature, it is still very common to find the species referred to by its previous name Matricaria recutita in botanical books, specialized websites, and older scientific literature, with both names widely recognized and used.
The species is native to southern and eastern Europe, northern Africa, and western Asia, where it naturally grows in open fields, pastures, and road edges. It prefers well-drained soils, from clayey-sandy to slightly saline, always with good fertility and under full sun. Adapted to temperate climates, Chamomile tolerates moderate variations in temperature and humidity, naturally found up to 7,546 feet (2,300 meters) in mountainous regions. It is now naturalized in the Americas and Australia due to extensive cultivation.
Botanical Characteristics
Chamomile, also often called German chamomile, is an annual herbaceous plant, low to medium in stature, generally reaching between 10 and 20 inches (25 and 50 cm) in height with a proportionally smaller width. It features a taproot system typical of dicotyledons, with thin, branched main roots that moderately penetrate the soil. The stem is erect, cylindrical, smooth, light green to greenish in color, with a slender diameter and soft texture; in the upper portion, it branches abundantly into thin branches. Growth is rapid during the favorable season, forming open and well-branched clumps.
The leaves of Chamomile are alternate, deeply cut, and either bipinnatisect or tripinnatisect, giving a filiform and delicate appearance to the foliage. They have a uniform light green color, without pronounced shine or visible pubescence; the veins are barely noticeable due to the thin thickness of the blades. The edges are entirely divided into narrow linear segments, with an average length of 1.6 to 2.8 inches (4 to 7 cm). The petioles are short or absent in the upper leaves. The leaves are deciduous and have a soft and flexible texture.
The species is monoecious, presenting hermaphroditic flowers grouped in terminal capitulum-type inflorescences. Flowering occurs predominantly in spring and summer. The capitula have a conical and hollow receptacle, measuring between 0.7 and 1 inch (18 to 25 mm) in diameter, with central tubular yellow flowers (disk) and peripheral ligulate white flowers (ray), forming a structure similar to a daisy. The flowers emit a strong and sweet characteristic aroma; pollination is mainly carried out by insects (entomophily), such as bees and dipterans.
The fruit is a small, dry achene, neither edible nor ornamentally significant, ranging in color from yellow-brown to light brown and oblong in shape. Each capitulum produces numerous tiny seeds (achenes), which have a smooth or slightly striated surface; dispersion mainly occurs through wind (anemochory) or occasional adherence to animal fur.
Varieties and Cultivars
There are various types of Chamomile cultivated worldwide, especially selected for flower production, essential oil yield, or adaptation to different climatic conditions. The main recognized cultivars include:
- ‘Bodegold’: Developed in Germany, this is a high-standard tetraploid (4×) variety created for intensive production. It is notable for its high essential oil content, which can reach about 0.7% in dried flowers, rich in bisabolol and chamazulene, compounds valued in phytotherapy and cosmetics. It features large, uniform flowers with early blooming and a sweet-fruity aroma similar to pineapple. It has excellent adaptation to mechanical harvesting and responds well to fertilization, maintaining high yields even in dense plantings.
- ‘Bona’: A diploid variety developed in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, obtained through selection and improvement. It has more than double the essential oil content compared to older varieties, with high levels of α-bisabolol. In field studies, it showed an oil content of about 0.6% in the first harvest, maintaining good aromatic quality. It is recommended for essential oil production and cultivation under various climatic conditions, although it is less vigorous than the tetraploids.
- ‘Goral’: Also known as ‘Kosice II’, this is a tetraploid variety from Slovakia, adapted to mechanical harvesting and with uniform flowering. It produces vigorous plants and a high yield of flowers, with a high content of chamazulene and bisabolol in the essential oil. It is recognized for maintaining consistent quality across different regions and for its excellent performance in large-scale commercial systems.
- ‘Germania’: A diploid cultivar developed for commercial use, of or Slovak origin. It presents a stable production cycle and good quality flowers, but generally yields less essential oil than the tetraploid varieties, especially in later cuts. It is used in cultivation programs more focused on the production of dried flowers than on large-scale oil extraction.
- ‘Manzana’: A tetraploid variety originating from Germany and Austria, selected for its high yield and good productivity of dried flowers. It has a high content of active compounds such as chamazulene and bisabolol, making it valuable for both medicinal and cosmetic use. It is well adapted to temperate climates and maintains good performance even in soils of medium fertility.
- ‘Zloty Lan’: A tetraploid variety from Poland, widely recognized for its high yield and high concentration of essential oil. It is notable for its significant content of chamazulene, giving the oil an intense blue color, and for its intense aromatic profile. It is suitable for commercial cultivation and industrial oil production, with good adaptation to colder climates.
- ‘Degumille’: A diploid variety developed in Germany, with high uniformity and good productivity. Its essential oil has high levels of matricin, chamazulene, and bisabolol, with a stable chemical profile suitable for pharmaceutical use. It is mainly cultivated in temperate climate regions and adapts well to different types of soil.
- ‘Lutea’: A variety widely cultivated in the Mediterranean region and in temperate climates, valued both for tea production and ornamental use. Its flowers have more evident yellowish central disks, with a mild and pleasant aroma. It is adapted to well-drained soils and withstands hot summers well, maintaining good productivity even in conditions of lower humidity.
- ‘Camoflora’: A modern cultivar developed for large-scale mechanized cultivation. It features early flowering, high plant uniformity, and high yield of flowers. Its essential oil content is consistent, with good levels of chamazulene and α-bisabolol, making it versatile for use in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and tea industries.
Traditional Medicinal Uses
Chamomile is among the most studied and used medicinal plants in human history. Since the times of the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans, its flowers have been used in the treatment of a wide variety of conditions. Extracts and essential oils of Chamomile are widely used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetics, candies, perfumes, personal hygiene industries, and more. The famous Chamomile tea, consumed worldwide as a natural relaxant, represents just a fraction of its traditional therapeutic applications.
In folk medicine, Chamomile is recognized for its anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, and mild sedative properties. Traditionally, infusions are used to relieve digestive disorders, including cramps, gas, indigestion, and irritable bowel syndrome. Tea made from fresh or dried flowers is delicious and mild. For skin issues, compresses and baths with Chamomile are applied in the treatment of eczema, dermatitis, minor wounds, and mild burns. The plant also has a long tradition in childcare, being used to soothe babies with colic and facilitate sleep. Chamomile also helps in skin lightening, softening dark circles, and adding an extra golden shine to blonde hair.
In the realm of women’s health, an area that gave rise to its scientific name, Chamomile has been traditionally used to relieve menstrual cramps and other discomforts related to the reproductive cycle. Gargles with Chamomile tea are used for inflammations in the mouth and throat, while eye compresses help in cases of conjunctivitis and irritations. It is important to note that, although many of these uses are widely practiced, not all have robust scientific evidence, and it is essential to consult health professionals before medicinal use.
Phytochemical Properties and Modern Research
Modern scientific interest in Chamomile focuses on its bioactive compounds, especially those present in the essential oil extracted from the flowers. Chamazulene, responsible for the characteristic blue color of the fresh oil, has proven anti-inflammatory properties in the laboratory. Other important components include bisabolol, with anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial action, and flavonoids such as apigenin, which demonstrates calming and antioxidant effects.
Clinical studies have investigated the efficacy of Chamomile in various conditions. Research points to real benefits in the treatment of mild to moderate anxiety, improvement in sleep quality, and relief of digestive symptoms. Some studies also suggest antiglycemic properties, which could help in managing type 2 diabetes, although more research is needed to confirm these effects. For detailed information on clinical studies and scientific evidence of Chamomile, consult the resources of the European Medicines Agency on the medicinal use of chamomile.
In modern dermatology, Chamomile extracts are incorporated into products for sensitive and inflammation-prone skin. The cosmetic industry values its soothing properties and the ability to progressively lighten hair when used regularly. However, it is crucial to recognize that individuals allergic to other plants in the Asteraceae family (such as chrysanthemums and daisies) may develop allergic reactions to chamomile, necessitating a sensitivity test before first use.
Mystical and Cultural Significance
Beyond its proven medicinal properties, Chamomile carries a rich spiritual and cultural symbolism that spans civilizations and centuries. In European tradition, it represents serenity, inner peace, and protection, often used in environmental purification rituals and home protection. Ancient folk beliefs attribute to Chamomile the ability to ward off negative energies and promote harmony in homes.
In traditional magical practice, Chamomile is associated with the water element and the moon, symbolizing intuition, dreams, and emotional healing. It is believed that baths with chamomile infusion not only relax the body but also purify the aura and promote mental clarity. In some prosperity rituals, dried chamomile petals are scattered around the house or carried in pouches as amulets to attract business luck and financial stability. Although these practices belong to the realm of personal beliefs and cultural traditions, they reflect the deep respect and connection that different cultures have developed with this plant throughout human history.
Cultural History
Chamomile transcends its medicinal value to become a deeply rooted cultural symbol in various societies. In countries like Germany and Hungary, agricultural festivals annually celebrate the harvest of Chamomile, recognizing its regional economic and cultural importance. At these events, the plant is honored not only for its commercial value but as an integral part of local identity.
In modern science, Matricaria chamomilla serves as a model organism for studies on flavonoid biosynthesis, contributing to the advancement of knowledge about antioxidant compounds of interest to the pharmaceutical industry. Its tea ranks among the most consumed beverages in the Western world, traditionally offered as a gesture of care before sleep or after heavy meals, perpetuating an ancient tradition of hospitality and mutual care.
Ornamental Use in Landscaping
In landscaping, Chamomile captivates with its natural elegance and enveloping fragrance. The delicate white inflorescences with golden centers create points of light in country gardens and cottage gardens, especially when planted alongside lavenders, rosemary, and daisies. Its light and airy architecture works perfectly as a filler plant among larger perennial species, softening transitions and creating visual movement.
For small urban spaces, Chamomile adapts well to large pots and planters on sunny balconies. Its compact size, between 10 and 20 inches (25 and 50 centimeters), makes it ideal for those who wish to grow aromatic plants in apartments. Fresh or dried flowers can be used in the creation of rustic floral arrangements and aromatic bouquets for indoor environments, bringing the countryside fragrance into the home.
The integration of Chamomile in home gardens offers benefits beyond the ornamental. It is believed that its presence naturally repels undesirable insects, benefiting neighboring species such as cabbages, onions, and kales. In sustainable landscaping projects, it acts as an important source of nectar for native bees during the summer, contributing to urban biodiversity and local pollination.
Chamomile as a Companion Plant
Chamomile stands out as one of the best companion plants in organic farming and sustainable gardening. Traditionally known as the “plant physician,” it exerts beneficial influences on various cultivated species around it. Its shallow root system does not aggressively compete for nutrients with larger plants, while its roots release substances that can improve the overall health of the soil.
Among vegetables, Chamomile forms particularly advantageous partnerships with brassicas (cabbages, broccoli), onions, leeks, and cucumbers. It is believed that its characteristic aroma confuses pest insects such as aphids, scale insects, and some species of caterpillars, acting as a natural repellent. Moreover, its flowers attract beneficial insects, including ladybugs, lacewings, and small parasitoid wasps that biologically control pests.
In the herb garden, Chamomile harmonizes perfectly with basil, mint, parsley, and chives, creating a balanced ecosystem where each plant contributes to the health of the others. Some gardeners report that plants near Chamomile exhibit more vigorous growth and greater resistance to diseases, although these effects still lack rigorous scientific proof. It is important to avoid dense planting near species of the Lamiaceae family in large quantities, as there may be competition for water and nutrients in less fertile soils.
Cultivation and Care
Chamomile requires high light, developing best under full sun, although it tolerates light partial shade in very hot climates. Chamomile prefers temperate and subtropical climates, showing optimal growth at average temperatures between 66°F and 77°F (19°C and 25°C), but can withstand variations from 43°F to 86°F (6°C to 30°C). The plant is moderately resistant to cold, tolerating light frosts when mature, although seedlings and young shoots are sensitive to temperatures close to 32°F (0°C). Strong winds can cause lodging of the flower stems, so it is advisable to grow in sheltered locations or with natural barriers. It is not very tolerant of maritime exposure or excessive air salinity, which is why it may not thrive well in coastal areas.
The ideal soil for Chamomile should be light, well-drained, and sandy loam or sandy in texture, with a slightly acidic to neutral pH (5.5 to 7.0) and good organic fertility. In pots, use a general potting mix enriched with organic matter, sand, and perlite to ensure efficient drainage. Irrigation should be regular, keeping the soil slightly moist without waterlogging; overly moist soils promote root diseases. The plant tolerates short dry periods after establishment, but prolonged water scarcity reduces flowering and flower quality. It is recommended to water two to three times a week in dry periods and reduce frequency during winter or in humid environments.
Planting should ideally be done in early autumn or spring, spacing the plants between 8 and 12 inches (20 and 30 cm) to allow good air circulation. Fertilization can be done with organic compost when preparing the soil and reinforced monthly with worm castings or balanced NPK fertilizer (e.g., 10-10-10), avoiding excess nitrogen that stimulates vegetative growth at the expense of flowering. Perform light pruning to remove dried flowers and yellowed leaves, encouraging new blooms. The use of mulch helps conserve moisture and control invasive plants.
Pests, Diseases, and Propagation
Chamomile shows relative resistance to most pests and diseases when grown under ideal conditions, but can be attacked by aphids (Aphididae), thrips, and mites in hot and dry environments. Among the fungal diseases, powdery mildew (Erysiphaceae) and downy mildew (Peronosporaceae) are prominent, especially under conditions of excessive moisture or poor ventilation. Management includes regular inspection of plants, manual removal of insects when possible, preventive use of Bordeaux mixture or neem oil, and crop rotation to prevent pathogen buildup in the soil. Herbivorous animals rarely cause significant damage to the crop.
Propagation of Chamomile is mainly done through seeds, which should be sown superficially due to the need for light for germination; do not completely cover the seeds with soil. Sow directly in the final location or in seedbeds at the end of winter to early spring (cold regions) or early autumn (subtropical/temperate regions). Keep the substrate moist until the seedlings emerge, which occurs between 5 and 14 days after sowing. Transplant the seedlings when they reach about 2 inches (5 cm) in height. The cycle until flowering varies between 50 and 65 days after the emergence of the seedlings, but it usually takes 90 days in summer or 120 days in winter to start harvesting. The harvest of the flowers can be carried out successively as they open throughout the productive cycle.
