Black ZZ Plant ‘Black Dowon’: Complete Care Guide

A black ZZ plant, scientifically known as Zamioculcas zamiifolia ‘Black Dowon,’ is one of the most exotic and sought-after varieties of the traditional ZZ plant. While the standard variety has already won the hearts of many plant enthusiasts due to its resilience and beauty, the black ZZ plant takes this experience to a new level, adding a touch of sophistication and mystery to indoor spaces with its intensely dark foliage.

In this guide, we will explore everything you need to know about the black ZZ plant—from its origins and distinctive characteristics to practical care tips, common issues, and the best ways to showcase it in your decor. Whether you are a rare plant collector or a beginner in the urban jungle world looking for a hardy plant with a unique appearance, this guide will help you understand and appreciate this gem of the plant world.

Characteristics of the Black ZZ Plant

Like the common variety, the black ZZ plant grows from fleshy, tuberous underground rhizomes that act as storage organs for water and nutrients. These rhizomes are essential for its survival during drought periods and can reach significant sizes as the plant matures.

The black ZZ plant’s leaves are compound (pinnate), emerging directly from the rhizomes on upright stems that can reach between 60 cm and 1 meter (24 to 39 inches) in height when fully developed. Each compound leaf consists of 6 to 8 pairs of oval to elliptical leaflets arranged along a strong, fleshy rachis (central axis).

New leaves initially emerge from the rhizome with a bright green hue, which may surprise unsuspecting gardeners who might think the plant has lost its signature dark color. With light exposure, the leaves gradually darken over time.

The leaflets have a waxy, glossy surface with a fleshy texture and firm consistency, measuring between 5 to 15 cm (2 to 6 inches) in length and 2 to 6 cm (0.8 to 2.4 inches) in width. This waxy coating serves as a natural protection against excessive water loss, contributing to its adaptability to dry environments.

The stems supporting the compound leaves are robust and slightly swollen at the base, where they connect to the rhizomes. They have a smooth and firm texture, with a diameter ranging from 1 to 2.5 cm (0.4 to 1 inch), depending on the plant’s maturity.

In addition to rhizomes, the black ZZ plant develops fibrous roots that emerge from the lower part of the tubers, forming a compact but efficient root system for water and nutrient absorption. These roots are relatively thin compared to the size of the rhizomes.

Although it rarely blooms in indoor cultivation, the black ZZ plant can produce inflorescences typical of the Araceae family: a spadix (a cylindrical structure containing the true flowers) partially enclosed by a spathe (a modified bract) that ranges from cream to yellowish in color. The flowers typically appear near the base of the plant and can go unnoticed among the foliage.

The plant exhibits a sympodial growth habit, where new shoots emerge laterally from existing rhizomes, gradually forming a dense clump over the years. A mature black ZZ plant can develop a clump measuring 40 to 60 cm (16 to 24 inches) in diameter and reaching a height of 60 cm to 1 meter (24 to 39 inches). In terms of architecture, the black ZZ plant has a naturally symmetrical and organized shape, with its upright stems radiating from the center like a three-dimensional fan.

Black ZZ Plant vs. Common ZZ Plant: Understanding the Differences

Before diving into the specific care requirements for the black ZZ plant, it’s essential to understand how it differs from the common green variety. Both belong to the species Zamioculcas zamiifolia, but the ‘Black Dowon’ variety has unique characteristics:

• The most obvious difference is in coloration. While the traditional ZZ plant has bright to medium green leaves, the black ZZ plant features an extremely dark green, almost black foliage, particularly on mature leaves. This intense coloration results from a higher concentration of chlorophyll and pigments known as anthocyanins, which act as a “sunscreen” for the plant, protecting it from intense light.
• In general, the black ZZ plant tends to grow slightly slower than the traditional variety. This occurs because its darker pigmentation absorbs and processes light differently. Don’t worry if your plant seems to grow more slowly—this is perfectly normal for this variety.
• As a relatively new variety that is not yet widely cultivated, the black ZZ plant is rarer and, consequently, more expensive than the traditional version. Its status as a collectible plant makes it a highly desirable item for many ornamental plant enthusiasts.
• Although both varieties are remarkably resilient, some growers report that the black ZZ plant may be slightly more sensitive to extreme conditions than its green counterpart, particularly regarding direct sunlight exposure and very low temperatures.

Origin and History of the Black ZZ Plant

The history of the black ZZ plant is relatively recent compared to that of the main species. Zamioculcas zamiifolia was scientifically discovered in 1892 but remained largely unknown outside its natural habitat in East Africa until the late 20th century.

The ‘Black Dowon’ variety emerged in 2006 at a nursery near Seoul, South Korea, as a result of a spontaneous and natural mutation. Recognizing the potential of this darker-colored variation, growers began developing genetic selection and propagation techniques to stabilize this trait, leading to the black ZZ plant we know today.

The name ‘Black Dowon’ was given in reference to its dark coloration and the region where the original mutation is believed to have been found. Since its commercial introduction, this variety has rapidly gained popularity, especially among collectors and interior design enthusiasts seeking plants with a striking and unusual appearance.

This cultivar represents a growing trend in the ornamental plant world—the appreciation of varieties with unusual colors, particularly those with dark or black foliage, which create dramatic contrasts in interior decor.

Benefits of the Black ZZ Plant for Indoor Spaces

Beyond its unique beauty, the black ZZ plant offers several benefits when grown indoors:

Air Purification

Like its traditional counterpart, the black ZZ plant is effective in removing toxins and pollutants from the air, including xylene, toluene, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) commonly found in indoor environments.

Low Maintenance

In an increasingly busy world, low-maintenance plants are highly valuable. This cultivar retains the species’ renowned ease of care, making it ideal for people with little time or beginners in plant cultivation.

Resilience to Adverse Conditions

Few ornamental plants can withstand harsh conditions as well as the black ZZ plant. It tolerates drought periods, low light, and even air-conditioned environments—common challenges in modern offices and apartments.

Striking Decorative Element

The dark and unusual coloration of the black ZZ plant’s leaves makes it a focal point in any space. It creates a stunning contrast with light-colored walls and perfectly complements contemporary or minimalist interiors.

Durability

The thick, waxy leaves of this ZZ plant have a long lifespan and rarely develop dry or yellowed tips when given basic care, maintaining their impeccable appearance for extended periods.

Complete Care Guide for the Black ZZ Plant

Ideal Light Conditions for the Black ZZ Plant

Like its green counterpart, the black ZZ plant is known for its tolerance to low-light conditions. However, for optimal growth and to preserve its characteristic coloration, specific care is required:

• Bright indirect light: The ideal condition for the black ZZ plant is receiving bright indirect light for several hours a day. This can be achieved by placing it near a window with sheer curtains or a few feet from an unobstructed window.
• Avoid direct sunlight: Unlike some dark-foliage plants, this ZZ plant does not appreciate direct sunlight, which can scorch its leaves and cause discoloration.
• Tolerance to low light: While it can survive in low-light conditions, in very dark environments, the black ZZ plant will grow more slowly and may develop elongated, weak stems as it searches for light.
• Artificial lighting: In areas with insufficient natural light, the black ZZ plant can benefit from supplemental artificial lighting, preferably using full-spectrum LED bulbs positioned about 30 cm (12 inches) above the plant.

Temperature and Humidity

The black ZZ plant thrives in climate conditions similar to its natural habitat in East Africa:

• Ideal temperature: Between 18°C and 26°C (64°F to 79°F), preferring mild, comfortable environments.
• Temperature tolerance: It can withstand temperatures between 15°C and 30°C (59°F to 86°F) but should be protected from sudden fluctuations.
• Cold sensitivity: Temperatures below 10°C (50°F) can permanently damage the plant. Avoid placing it in drafty areas or near windows during winter.
• Humidity: It adapts well to average indoor humidity levels (40–60%) but enjoys slightly higher humidity. Unlike other tropical plants, it does not require constant misting.

Soil and Pot Requirements

The right substrate and container are essential for the healthy growth of the black ZZ plant:

• Ideal soil mix: A well-draining mix consisting of potting soil, perlite, and coarse sand in a 2:1:1 ratio. Alternatively, ready-made cactus soil mixes work well.
• Soil pH: Prefers slightly acidic to neutral soil, with a pH between 6.0 and 7.0.
• Pot size: Choose a pot only slightly larger than the root system, as the black ZZ plant prefers a slightly snug fit. Increase pot size gradually (2–5 cm or 1–2 inches larger) with each repotting.
• Pot material: Terracotta or ceramic pots are ideal, as they allow moisture to evaporate through the walls, reducing the risk of waterlogging.
• Drainage: Ensure adequate drainage holes at the base of the pot and add a layer of draining material (expanded clay or pebbles) at the bottom.

Watering the Black ZZ Plant

Watering is one of the most critical aspects of growing the black ZZ plant, and overwatering is the most common cause of issues:

• Watering frequency: Wait until the soil is completely dry between waterings. Generally, this means watering every 2–3 weeks in summer and every 4–6 weeks in winter.
• Watering technique: When watering, do so thoroughly until water drains out of the drainage holes, discarding any excess water collected in the saucer after 15 minutes.
• Signs the plant needs water: Leaves may appear slightly wilted, or the soil will be completely dry when you insert a finger up to the second knuckle.
• Water quality: Preferably use room-temperature, dechlorinated water (rainwater or filtered water left to sit for 24 hours are excellent options).
• Reduced watering in winter: During colder months, significantly reduce watering frequency, as the plant’s metabolism slows down.

Fertilization and Nutrition

The black ZZ plant is not particularly demanding in terms of nutrition, but proper fertilization helps maintain its distinctive appearance:

• Frequency: Fertilize every 2–3 months during spring and summer. Suspend fertilization in autumn and winter.
• Type of fertilizer: Use a balanced 10-10-10 NPK fertilizer, preferably slow-release or diluted to half the concentration recommended by the manufacturer.
• Natural alternatives: Earthworm humus or organic compost can be incorporated into the soil during repotting as a slow-release nutrient source.
• Signs of nutrient deficiency: Small or pale green new leaves (not to be confused with normal new growth, which always starts lighter in color).
• Caution with over-fertilization: Excessive fertilizer can cause salt buildup in the soil and burn the roots. It is always better to under-fertilize than over-fertilize.

Propagation of the Black ZZ Plant

For enthusiasts looking to expand their collection or share this rare plant with friends, the black ZZ plant can be propagated in several ways:

Clump Division

The fastest and most reliable method:

1. Carefully remove the plant from the pot.
2. Gently shake off excess soil.
3. Identify the rhizomes (potato-like structures) and separate them naturally where divisions occur.
4. Ensure each division has at least one rhizome and a few leaves.
5. Allow the cuts to dry for 24 hours.
6. Plant each division in individual pots with fresh soil.

Leaf Propagation

A slower method but allows for more plants:

1. Select a healthy leaf and cut it at the base.
2. Let the cut end dry for 1–2 days.
3. Insert the base of the leaf into slightly moist soil.
4. Keep it in a warm place with indirect light.
5. In 2–4 months, small rhizomes will start forming at the base of the leaf.
6. Once new leaves emerge, you will have a new plant.

Leaflet Propagation

A method that maximizes the number of new plants:

1. Cut individual leaflets (each “mini-leaf” from the compound leaf).
2. Allow the cut ends to heal for 1–2 days.
3. Insert the base of each leaflet into slightly moist soil.
4. Cover with transparent plastic to create a humid environment.
5. The success rate is lower, but each successful leaflet will form a new plant.

Common Problems and Solutions for the Black ZZ Plant

Yellowing Leaves

• Common cause: Overwatering, soil staying constantly moist.
• Solution: Reduce watering frequency, check the pot’s drainage, and repot with fresh soil if the current mix is compacted.

Dry Leaf Tips

• Common cause: Very dry air, especially with heaters or constant air conditioning.
• Solution: Slightly increase humidity using a humidifier or a pebble tray with water (ensuring the pot does not touch the water).

Slow or Stagnant Growth

• Common cause: Low light, a pot that is too small, or very low temperatures.
• Solution: Move to a brighter location (without direct sun), check if repotting is needed, and ensure proper temperature.

Dark Depressed Spots on Leaves

• Common cause: Cold damage or water splashes on leaves under strong light.
• Solution: Protect from low temperatures, avoid wetting leaves, or dry them immediately if they get wet.

Drooping Stems

• Common cause: Low light causing the plant to “stretch,” or root rot due to excess moisture.
• Solution: Provide more light, check the root system, and reduce watering if necessary.

Common Pests

The ZZ plant is quite resistant to pests, but it can occasionally be affected by:

Mealybugs

• Identification: Small, white, cottony insects, usually at leaf joints.
• Treatment: Remove manually with a cotton swab dipped in 70% alcohol, or apply diluted neem oil.

Spider Mites

• Identification: Discolored spots, fine webbing, tiny moving dots on the leaves.
• Treatment: Increase humidity, wash leaves with water and mild soap, apply neem oil.

Fungal Growth in Soil

• Identification: White or green mold on the soil surface, musty smell.
• Treatment: Scrape off the top layer, apply cinnamon powder (a natural fungicide), and reduce watering.

Black ZZ Plant in Interior Design: Ideas and Inspirations

The plant’s unusual coloration and elegant structure make it a standout feature in home decor. Here are some ways to incorporate it into different styles:

Minimalist Style

• Place the black ZZ plant alone in a simple white or concrete ceramic pot.
• Leave plenty of space around it to make its silhouette stand out against a light-colored wall.
• Pair it with furniture featuring clean lines and neutral tones for a sophisticated contrast.

Modern Tropical Style

• Group it with other plants of contrasting foliage (color and texture), such as Monstera variegata, Ferns, Moss, or Calathea.
• Use woven fiber or rattan pots.
• Add dark wood elements and fabrics with subtle tropical patterns.

Industrial Style

• Place it in metallic pots in copper, brass, or iron tones.
• Position it near exposed structural elements like brick or concrete.
• Combine with directional lighting to create interesting shadows.

Scandinavian Style

• Use ceramic pots in soft pastel tones
• Place it near light-colored wooden furniture
• Create a dark focal point in a predominantly light space

Strategic Placement

• Home entrance: Creates an elegant and mysterious welcome
• Home office: Adds a natural element without distracting colors
• Bedroom: Contributes to a relaxing and sophisticated atmosphere
• Well-lit bathrooms: Benefits from the natural humidity of the environment

Curiosities and Interesting Facts About the Black ZZ Plant

For plant lovers who enjoy learning more about their favorite species, here are some fascinating facts about the black ZZ plant:

• Symbolic meaning: While the traditional ZZ plant is known as the “lucky plant” or “money plant” in many cultures, the black variety adds an element of exclusivity and sophistication, being associated with protection and prosperity.
• Common name: In addition to “black ZZ plant,” it is also known as “Raven ZZ” or “Black Raven” in English, referencing its deep black foliage reminiscent of raven feathers.
• Longevity: With proper care, the black ZZ plant can live for decades, becoming a true heirloom plant.
• CAM plant: Like its traditional counterpart, this ZZ plant uses Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM), opening its stomata at night to absorb CO₂, making it highly water-efficient.
• Toxicity: It contains calcium oxalate crystals in all parts, making it toxic if ingested. Keep it out of reach of children and curious pets.
• Rhizome growth: The black ZZ plant’s rhizomes can eventually break a pot if not repotted in time due to their strong expansion.
• Market value: Due to its rarity and increasing demand, well-developed black ZZ plant specimens can reach high prices among collectors.

Why the Black ZZ Plant Is an Excellent Choice

The black ZZ plant perfectly balances exotic beauty and practical indoor cultivation. Its unique coloration and elegant form bring sophistication to any space, while its resilient and low-maintenance nature makes it accessible even for those with little plant care experience.

In a world where we seek a connection with nature without compromising our personal aesthetics, the black ZZ plant emerges as an option that satisfies both desires. Not only does it survive in our modern homes and offices—it thrives, adding a touch of mystery and elegance to our spaces.

If you’re looking for a plant that combines resilience, unique beauty, and ease of care, the black ZZ plant undoubtedly deserves a prominent place in your collection. Its quiet yet striking presence transforms any environment, proving that sometimes, the darkest shades are also the most brilliant and captivating.

Frequently Asked Questions About the Black ZZ Plant

1. Does the black ZZ plant need direct sunlight?
No, the black ZZ plant prefers bright indirect light. Direct sunlight can scorch its leaves and affect its characteristic coloration.

2. How often should I water my ZZ plant?
Only water when the soil is completely dry, typically every 2–3 weeks in summer and every 4–6 weeks in winter. Overwatering is far more harmful than underwatering.

3. Why are my black ZZ plant’s leaves turning green?
This may be due to inadequate light. The dark coloration requires good (indirect) lighting to maintain. New leaves always emerge lighter and darken over time.

4. Does the black ZZ plant grow quickly?
No, it has a relatively slow growth rate, especially compared to other tropical plants. It may take several years to reach its maximum height of approximately 1 meter (39 inches).

5. Can I grow a black ZZ plant outdoors?
Only in tropical or subtropical climates where there are no frosts and nighttime temperatures do not drop below 15°C (59°F). Even in these regions, it should be protected from excessive rain and direct sun.

Photos: Raquel Patro and Mariana Sopper, at Espaço Verde Garden Center.